passive elastic recoil of the lungs) but expiratory muscles (e.g., intercostal muscles, subcostal muscles) can assist. Expiration is primarily a passive process (i.e.Air reaches the respiratory zone of the respiratory tree (site of gas exchange): respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveoli.Intrathoracic pressure becomes even more negative to fill the lungs with air.Inspiratory muscles (mainly external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm) elevate the ribs and sternum and increase the intrathoracic volume.
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